Thursday, July 31, 2008

Foot Notes and Weblinks to Blog Pictures

Works Cited

Bever, Edward. “Witchcraft, Female Aggression and Power in the Early Modern Community”. Journal of Social History. Vol.35,no.4. (Summer 2002). p.960-962.

Rowlands,Allison.‘Witchcraft and Old Women in early modern Germany”.Past and Present No.173 (Nov.2001), p.50-89.

This is for the letter of Eleanor Junius

Junius, “The confessions of Johannes Junius at Bamberg” in The Witchcraft Sourcebook ( 3rd edition), ed. Brian P. Levack, (London: Routledge. 2003), 201.

Daughter visiting Grandma in Wurzburg

Apuleius, “The power of witches” in The Witchcraft Sourcebook ( 3rd edition), ed. Brian P. Levack, (London: Routledge. 2003), 17.


Urls For Pictures in Order, Wurzburg Pic, Trial Pic, German Male Pic

Pictureshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wuerzburg-1650-Merian.jpg/800px-Wuerzburg-1650-Merian.jpg

http://www.historicalprintshop.com/web_pages/P/portraits/portraits.G/25605.gutenberg.jpg

http://z.about.com/d/atheism/1/7/L/0/3/SalemWitchTrial-e.jpg


Sources for Torture/Questioning and Confiscated Letter #2

1. Levack Brian P, ed. “The Confessions of Johannes Junius at Bamberg,” in The Witchcraft Sourcebook. (New York: Routledge, 2004) , 198-202.

2. Levack, “Heinrich Kramer: The Torture of Accused Witches, 1486,” 123-127.

3. Levack, “Innocent VIII: Papal Inquisitors and Witchcraft, 1484,” 119-122.


Robert’s Work

  1. Diary of Alma Sholdt – post 8
  2. Record of Witness Huzzel – post 7

Dimitri’s Work

  1. Second Confiscated Letter – post 6
  2. Questioning/Torture – post 5

Adriane’s Work

  1. Testimony of Leonie – post 3
  2. Father’s Journal – post 1

George’s Work

  1. Daughters Diary – post 2
  2. First Confiscated Letter – post 4

(A letter or diary pages of accuser Alma Sholdt- undetermined as of 07/12/05)

Eleanor Junius is old and very wise. She has acquired more land than anyone else in our farmlands or from the village of Wurzburg and Flocksburg nearby. She is wise in that she has raised fifteen head of cattle, and four flocks of sheep. Her husband, Michael left her ten acres of good farmland. She now has fifteen acres. No one knows that the devil helped her. Now no one will believe me, but my mind will be vexed by the devil, telling me of her. He shows me her likeness- in my mind, and that I must sit in cold water until they have left me.

When she would offer us her services- taking care of our young son one day- letting him take two of her hens back (ours had died- both in one day) we refused. Our son Johann had been sent home with six of her hen’s eggs. He was only ten years old. His hands swelled that night after eating two of those eggs for dinner- soft, hardly cooked at all. But that’s the way he will eat them. He was so hungry from the walk back, from helping to plant herbs- mint in her garden. The remaining four eggs we chose to save, and mix with milk. We threw them in the fire and prayed instead. They had been cursed by her- made into poison.

Johann grew feverish and vomited. We think he would have died had we not sat by him and prayed, putting a cold towel on his forehead for three days- four times a day. My mother told us what to do. If we had accepted her cursed hens, what would have -happened? We would have died, and our goat and what little food we have would have spoilt. One of the hens she’d wanted us to have, died the day our son recovered.

She was very angry when we didn’t accept the hens, telling us never to set foot on her property again. And that she had prayed for our boy to get well. But did she pray that his sickness go back to the hen? The devil’s poisonous spirit she had welcomed? She always asked for our boy to help her- to help her with small chores- with her herbs. Why ask for the boy to help, and not one of us? She could not bewitch us, not like our good boy- ten years old. We knew that she’d been first called a witch twenty-years ago.

She only says that she liked our boy’s company- that she had been barren, without child all her life. Her and the husband had tried, and now at her age it was impossible to even consider- too old to have and too old to manage a baby. Her womb was poisonous, like the hens- giving birth to poisonous eggs.

Her husband Michael died quick- of consumption- a sickness that with anyone else has taken a long time, of long suffering. Not with her husband. The witch’s doing, and with him this one small mercy.

Our pastor, the pastor Reverend Bock of Wurzburg (fictional village nearby Rothenburg) told the city councilors: “there is nothing to report on this woman. She has long been accused, but there is nothing in her manner that is improper. She bodes no ill will.” “She goes to church and wants harmony with her neighbors and hired workers on her property.”

Widowed and without a need for children. She wants our boy to do her bidding. This is the true intention. Did she marry to blind us to the fact that she is a witch? Did she care that we know her to be too mean to be loved, to have ever been able to bear a child? Her husband we would have tried as being in league with her had he lived. He brought her land and cattle- power too- greater than a woman’s place in our village should have.

Why should she have more than the god-fearing? That are raising children? We are younger, my husband Wilhelm at twenty-seven and I at twenty-four. Before her trial, a witness had to work for her….and like the rest of us showed her the respect shown toward an elder. Now that the trial councilors have declared her innocent, we are to be blamed for the “cause of malicious rumors.” Yet our cows have died within the following weeks when she was present, by our farmland.

Our land as well, is whittling away- “squandered by our own doing” according to the court- not by her curses. She told the court my husband was too foolish to manage a plough. She had worked hard to learn how to plough skillfully, that she had to show farmhands even. She said my husband was lazy and so we got what we deserved. That she’d offered to show us how to better govern our property. But a witness, a Franck Gurst that had bought a cow from her said it would only answer to her call. He agreed it must have been under her spells. After being told this, we refused her so-called instruction. She told the court that the steer she’d raised from birth, so it answered to the sound of her voice.

Her workers have come and gone from her employment quickly. They don’t want to be considered in league with her and be considered of the devil. They too insisted that she must be a witch. Her land has always prospered, they’ve said, and it is mysterious- since surrounding properties have done poorly. And ours is the closest, and look at our misfortune.

There are many others as witnesses in her trial. Robin Günter who was struck lame when he refused her affections, he was a herdsman, and now he is a tinkerer. He begged her to remove the curse, but she said he was mad. She said she did not know what he was talking about. What would he have expected? Another man, by his first name only- Huzzle, he is slow, but a hard worker. He would help her with the plough. He had horrible dreams that would leave him screaming. His sister had died as a baby, and he saw her in his dream, dead and floating above the head of old Eleanor. She would be walking on the property, in the fields with an overcast sky- the dead child floating above her head. Wherever she would go, so would the dead child- floating like that. A strange man, but a good one. He quit work for Eleanor after five weeks. Where he is now, we don’t know. He has not been found for the trial.

When she was on trial, they put thumb screws on her. We could not know of this until the trial, it is done in secret, with the clergy present. She would laugh when this was mentioned. This is not a proof? Such strange behavior from a woman that has managed her property as well as she. A madwoman is what we have seen, and of a bewitched and evil nature, a worker of magic then- to be crazed and still able to have what she has. Laughing at her torturers- with her thumbs in heavy bandages. They came off of one hand and her thumb was a solid black, as ripe in rot as a diseased plumb. She laughed. She would not eat or sleep. Only a cold sweat on her forehead. Six days later it was reported, that her thumbs were healing- so quickly! And her sweats had left her. So had her strange laughter- back to how we have always known her- as a mask of kindness, but ruthless- evil.

The councilors told us that we- Alma and Wilhelm Sholdt were the main ones that had caused “great rumors to circulate, to put fear and fancy stories in the public- of a woman that means only good.” Still, they did say that she was difficult at times- moody and suffering from a general melancholia, but not uncommon among the old. The councilors saw us as envious, as schemers to get her land if she were put to death. That we had organized the witnesses to come forth and bring her to trial. That another opportunity might not be this good. They don’t understand. After so long it was due time. We had been next to her magic land for too long. Who would want a land filled with wickedness- so fertile or not?

The councilors went to the university- to talk with the legal men at Tubingen University. The jurists from Tubingen were angered by the case, especially by what we had testified. Both Robin Günter and Franck Ghurst are dead. They had moved elsewhere only months before the trials began. We had to recall what they’d told us. A book called The Carolina instructed them- the imperial legal code. It said that our recollections were not of measurable evidence. Huzzle was not considered reliable- since he is slow witted, and could not speak for himself. My husband was not considered credible. He had cheated a Hans Grupt out of a colt for a cow sick with a palsy, and had paid a large fine. But this was twelve years ago. Our evidence was said to be “null and void.” Everything else we had said, or other charges that were made by other townspeople were found to have possible natural explanations- not of an evil nature at all. Even the letter we have of Huzzle’s. It is not enough, and the Tubingen jurists have declared it a document of questionable authenticity. There is no other document owned by anyone else in the town of Huzzle’s to compare his letter to. And the other witnesses- they were willing to speak at first, but would not now. So the councilors let Eleanor go back to her property. These damned Tubingen jurists. We are leaving- afraid now of her wrath and of the townspeople’s lack of faith in us. Our property we will sell as quickly as we can, surely at a great loss.

Record of Witness Huzzel (last name unknow) Used in Trial of Eleanor Junius

Let me tell you that she is a bad owner. That when I worked for her, Eleanor Junius was so nice, so pleasing to see. She would give me my coins for town when I was done each day instead of at the week’s end. I wanted to stay and work for her, show her what I know of the plough, of farmland, of how to make all the sheep sweet and the horses also. I have been always able to do this without magic, just a soft voice and way with the animals. Animals like me and I like them more than most people. I liked Eleanor. Then, she changed. The land changed, and the people that looked away when I would leave for town, when they would see me. This was strange to me. I had never had experiences like this before, on any farm before. But her farm was strange too. I began to understand why her neighbors would make me feel unwelcome, but sad for me.

After the first four days, all but one of her chickens died. They had been eating the same grain as always, but this grain was turning orange. Eleanor said that this was alright, that chickens can eat almost anything, and that she wanted to save her money for the cattle, all the sheep. I had some of the grain, oats that were orange. They were soured, but made for a good morning meal with hot water and apples. That day I could not keep working, and slept in the field, right by the plough. Eleanor was very angry, her face was glowing and so was the land. I vomited and then she took me and the mule back by the house. I slept in my bed, by the back property and had a dream about her face. The Sholdts said she had put herself into my mind to vex me, to have me join her and do her bidding. A terrible vision I had, of her mean face and old body walking with my dead little sister Eva above Eleanor. Where ever Eleanor would wander on the farm land so would Eva above her head. I screamed and screamed. Eleanor woke me the next morning to tell me I was sick and she brought a wet towel and hot meal for the morning. That I could rest. I tried to pray and pray. Every day I would. I will leave when the spring is gone, when it is good and warm to travel.

Marked as use for trial per court council- from the property of Alma and Wilhelm Sholdt. Herr Huzzle’s letter said to be in their possession since March 12th of 1671.

Wednesday, July 30, 2008

Second Confiscated letter of Eleanor Junius - Exact Date Uknow, between September 14th and September 20th of 1675

Margaret,

I have been allowed to write one last letter to you. I was naïve in thinking anyone would hear my protests against those who accuse me of witchcraft. Margaret, I am unsure you have received my first letter I wrote to you two weeks ago, but I am compelled to write you nonetheless. Your father was a good man, and has provided for this family, but what I assume is jealous and desire for his lands have lead our neighbors to accuse me of harming their son. Please Margaret, you know the mother I have been to you. Know that I am sincere in saying all accusations against me are false. The worse is here. The only one with any sense of compassion towards me is Doctor Pilsener. He alone has interceded on my behalf during my questioning. The questioning Margaret, I can not even begin to explain how I am questioned. I feel the only way to bring about any peace for our family is to confess. I want to confess, just to stop the questioning. I want to acknowledge and profess all the accusations against me are true, if only to bring about some end to the horrors I am being put through, but no my dearest Margaret, that I am entirely innocent. Let my granddaughter know no evil upon the name of her grandmother. Do not let this hurt the name of our family.

Love,


Your Mother
Eleanor Junius

Record of First Questioning of Accused Eleanor Junius

Today’s Date is September 14, 1675. The accused Eleanor Junius was taken into custody September 11, 1675. Eleanor Junius was born 1620. She is 50 years old and a widower of Hershel Junius. There has yet to be an adequate confession. The accused protests her innocence.

Today being the 3 day of the accused in custody, Mayor Weizen, Reverend Bock, and Doctor Pilsener. Doctor Pilsener assures Junius is in good health and can take the punishment. Junius is to be question by both Mayor Weizen and Reverend Bock while having both hands bound behind her back and suspended by rope tied round her wrists. Reverend Bock begins.


“Have you no compassion Eleanor Junius? Did you not curse your neighbors after they refused to take your hens? Has not their eldest son become ill by your words? What do you say to your debauchery?”

“I am a God fearing woman and innocent of these accusations?”

“God fearing! So you fear the Almighty, and therefore have chosen the services of Satan!”

“I have said no such thing. Please! Please let me down!”

“Do you or do you not fear the Lord!”

“Yes! Yes I do!”

“Then confess to what you have done! Confess to practicing witchcraft and harming your neighbor’s son if you truly fear God!”

“But I have done no such thing, please listen to me. I tried to help them an…”

“Silence! You lie before us now and lie before God. Weizen, our only hope is redemption for her spirit.”


Reverend Bock finishes his questioning and Mayor Weizen begins.


“Widowed and left a nice plot of land and enough to sustain you and your family, where you not content? Has not God given to you enough? Why do you practice witchcraft and take from your neighbor?”

“I have done no wrong! I…”


It is noted that Dr. Pilsner has interceded in the question. The accused Eleanor Junius has fainted and is unable to continue question. The accused will be allowed two days rest and questioning will resume September 16th, 1675

Confiscated Letter of Eleanor Junius to Daughter Margaret


Margaret

This is the last letter I believe I will be able to write to you. The fortune your Father left us has been a great burden to this family and me. I really want to know how you are doing in Normandy with your husband, but I don’t believe that you’ll letter will arrive soon enough. Wurzburg has accused me of witchery, but I didn’t want to burden you with this trouble.
The people in the town believe that the success our family has is because of an arrangement with Satan. Everything has been taken away from us, the house, the cattle, currency. All the servants turned against me and our family. Remember I used to help them economically when they most needed in the years of war, plagues, and hunger. I would always give them more bread and soup for them to not starve to death.

Remember Ms. Parris and the girls I used to have tea with every Sunday after Church? My so called friends have decided to testify against me. They said that it was a conduct of witches’ behavior to have been very independent and that it was weird to them how your father died. Together with this, they want to take our dignity with this trial, they have harmed me so much that I can’t resist anymore and I have decided to confess to this lie. I can’t keep taking the tortures that keep getting worse with every single day that passes by. I can’t wait for my death because the tortures are worst than the fires of hell. Please don’t dare come back because this town has been forgotten by God and I believe that they will accuse you too.
I love you Margaret, please don’t let my grandson grow knowing this horrible story. Tell him of our moment in the house and of the great man his grandfather was. Tell him of our success and not of how they took away our dignity. Let him know that he is worth plenty and that his grand mother is watching him from heaven. Remember Margaret, that you will always be in my prayers and that no matter what, you had a good family that was in the grace of God.

Sincerely,

Eleanor Junius
September 12, 1675

Edited Testimony of Leonie Against the Accused Eleanor Junius

March 11th, 1675
My name is Leonie and I think I know who is practicing in the black arts here in Wurzburg! Her name is Margaret and she gave me a less than appeasing look as I walked by her. I cannot be for certain just yet though. My friend Anna though caught her husband mentioning the name, “Eleanor”, in his sleep the other night. This lead her believe that she might have put a love spell on him. We do not tolerate witches in Wurzburg, but before I accuse her I must do more investigating of my own.

September 2, 1675
It is confirmed, I have proved that Eleanor is a Witch! I saw her dance around a great big fire late at night! She seemed to have been muttering some sort of evil chant as she was doing so. When I confronted her she said it was a dance to celebrate the return of the fall season. Who would believe such a thing like that!? I immediately brought it to the town council's attention and demanded she be executed at once! I must protect my town from people that are evil and insane! This is my god-given duty!

September 17, 1675
It is the second day of the trial and the judge has not been able to make Eleanor confess of her witchcraft practices. I fear that she has put a curse on the good judgment of this court. Not me though, I know she is a witch as the almighty father spoke to me in a dream telling me of her wickedness. Eleanor though still will not confess, despite the crushing of her thumbs. When they were applying this pain on her, she did not seem to crying in agony. Rather, is seemed as though she was laughing in joy. That alone should have proved to the judge that she was a witch.

September 19, 1675
It is announced early in the morning that Eleanor Junius is not a witch. This is blasphemy at its finest!
I am sure that she was a witch and no matter what the judge thinks, it will not sway my opinion. I must not let the loss blind my overall goal to rid Wurzburg of all witches! In fact, there is a man by the name of Lukas that keeps giving me a strange look every day. I feel that he is trying to put a spell on me. Ever since the first day I saw him, my hair has been curlier than usual. It has also been raining a lot this week as well, I wonder if he has something to do with that.

Daughter's Account of Visiting Grandma in Wurzburg

September 15
I departed with my father two days ago. The road is long all the way to Wurzburg, but I really like spending time with him. At night we try to count the stars, but I always fell asleep before I finish. When we wake up we share delicious sweet bread and head to the road again. We are very near grandma’s town, only one day more; but I’m not really in a rush because I like the colors in the sky, blue, purple, and pink as we ride in the afternoon.

September 16
We entered Wurzburg today. It is really weird town, no one was out, and it seemed to be a ghost town because there were no children playing and no grownups walking or shopping in the market. More into the town, we finally saw people gathered on the side of a big building that had a huge symbol. My dad told me it was a church; I felt wrong I didn’t recognize a church, but in Bambery, our town, there is only a very small house were we all gather and pray. In the church, there were so many people outside screaming, I think their having a festival of some sort.

September 17
We arrived with grandma yesterday; she received us with a nice bowl of hot soup, which was great because the weather is very cold right known. I asked her what was the festival on the church about, but she said it was a witch trial. She told me that she had never seen an old lady been accused of witchery, that it was usually young people harming God’s feelings; I hope I haven’t hurt God in anyway myself. My grandma says that the old lady deserves to be burned and tortured because of what she did to her husband. She told me it was related to Satan, and as soon as she said that I froze, my toes went numb and I was glad she stopped the story there. I had never seen someone that serves Satan; I think I won’t be able to sleep well today.

Exerpt from a Father's Journal Visiting Wurzburg

September 13th, 1675
My name is Erdmann and I am traveling with my daughter, Margolis. , We departed Gerbrunn at the first sign of morning's light. We have packed up our trusty stead with essential items, such as food, bread, and water for making the journey to Wurzburg. My mother lives there and we visit her once a year. I usually take part in this retreat alone, but Margolis insisted on coming this time. The travel has been relatively nice, but Margolis has been curious with the ongoing accusations of witches in Wurzburg. This has lead me to believe that she has decided to venture with me, not to see her grandma, but to witness any type of sorcery in Wurzburg.

September 16th, 1675
Margolis and I arrived into Wurzburg in the later part of the day. As we came in, were not greeted well, as apparently, one of the towns people has been convicted of witchcraft. Margolis keeps asking me what is going on, since the town seems deserted, but I just tell her that the people are not as friendly here as they are in Gerbrunn. By my mother's house, I talked to a neighbor who said that the woman, who was accused of being a witch, is named Eleanor Junius. Apparently, she is a much older lady, a widower who has wealth that her deceased husband had left her. I find it interesting that she seemed to have been accused of being a witch, so soon after the passing of her husband. What a poor thing to happen to such an elderly woman.

Septmeber 17th, 1675
I have decided to venture into the town square by myself today, to investigate if the Kolsch here in town, is still one of the best in Germany. I also heard that the trial of the Margaret, the woman accused of practicing witchcraft, was set to being sometime before noon. When I was a boy almost anyone accused of being a witch seemed head straight to the stake to burn. Now though, people have gotten a better sense of judgment and do not send people to their death quite as often. I hope sense is consider in the case of Widow Junius.